Category: Environment

Seasonal Changes

When summer is at its peak, winter is easily forgotten. The reverse is true too. When winter is at its peak summer is a million years away. That’s the experience we have here on the British Isles.

So, it is to live on a spinning planet with an incline. That variation in seasons is the clock by which we live. The slowly shifting path of the Sun as it appears to move with the seasons. Of course, the Sun doesn’t move relative to the Earth. It’s our planet’s inclined rotation that makes the difference. How that came about we will never know beyond some good theories.

I might say something that an expert will say is nonsense. Can you imagine Stonehenge being bult in a people who live on the Equator? A place where the Sun spends much of its time high in the sky. At our Northern latitude, its movements maybe more significant than any other fact.

I wonder if seasonal variations and their impact go wider than dictating the weather? The British Isles is a pace where we are attuned to variations. Rarely extreme variations.

The sentence I started with alludes to an almost schizophrenic attitude to wide ranging variations. Normal would be a summer-winter cycle between say; plus 25 and minus 5 on the Celsius scale. Going outside those moderate thermal bounds causes a lot of heads scratching and newspaper column inches.

Britan’s story is a full one. Look deeply and so much is seasonally dependent. Even wars were shaped by the passing of the seasons. Yet, overall, much is built assuming moderation. It’s one reason air-conditioning is a rarity in a domestic setting. Structures are more designed to keep the wind and rain out than other considerations.

Now, we are experiencing unusual heat. Records are falling by the wayside. Once lush green lawns are looking like brown dirt, concrete hard, parking spaces. That is unless their owners sprinkle oceans of water over them on a regular basis.

Here’s the odd bit. It’s more socially acceptable to save a lawn than it is to own an air conditioner. True, portable air conditioners and fans are flying of the shelves. However, the general attitude is that these are to be used in exceptional conditions. They will be returned to a corner of a garage, to gather dust, after just a few days use. Thus, considered to be a luxury.

A hosepipe doesn’t fit into this category. Commonplace. Certainly, no luxury. Watering equipment of infinite variety is prominently placed in every DIY store. When it happens, a hosepipe ban feels like an afront to personal freedom.

Our habits and behaviours are conditioned by an experience of decades of relative moderation. The idea of building houses with shutters or generous ventilation still fit the bill as being usual. Something done in other, hotter countries.

Our reaction to climate change is fascinating. Hardly surprising in that the normal human reaction to change should tell us a lot. A fair degree of denial is nothing unusual. Put aside those who react early, the inevitable inertia deep in our society takes its toll. Whatever attitude to the causes of climate change may prevail, adaptation is a wise course of action. That said, wisdom is often in short supply.

The builders of Stonehenge knew how to adapt to the seasons. Possibly taking note of their variations. Dare I suggest a modern henge as a symbol of our recognition of the need to adapt?

Empirical Gardening

I’d say I was an empirical gardener. The try it and see formula. I do read the label that comes with plants in pots. Well, I do say read but more often there’s a series of symbols to decipher.

Getting to know a small patch of land is deeply ingrained in my psyche. It’s a connection that I find hard to break. There are times when I’ve lived without a garden to tend every day. Even then I found myself an opportunity to tend one on weekends. When I couldn’t do that, I’d visit a garden. This is a habit it’s likely I’ll never break.

My family farming background set the scene. A childhood link to the soil. A large farmhouse garden divided by a crossroads. A concrete path that ran north-south and east-west. Each of the four sections of the garden had a different characteristic. One had the shadow of the farmhouse for much of the day. Two were bounded by the deep litter houses and one got the full force of the weather. There was a slight slope towards a lawn on the south side.

I’d better explain. The deep litter houses were the two big wooden chicken houses. They were called that because chicken droppings and bedding were left to accumulate. The compressed mass of chicken manure was dug out once or twice a year. Most often by me and my brother. Could be three foot deep or more. That’s how we earned our pocket money. It certainly was the cases that there was no end of soiling enriching compost for the garden.

During my childhood, we were not entirely self-sufficient in produce. Got close, I’m sure. There was always a large crop of beans, peas, and potatoes. This was a practical garden with a purpose. The purpose being to feed four hungry boys. Me and my brothers.

There are many differences between where I am now and the farmhouse. The one that makes the most difference to gardening is the soil. The basic geography. The drainage may have been poor, but the fertility of the farmhouse soil was unquestionable. Heavy clay enriched by generations of cultivation. Produce grew on overdrive.

Where I am now, I’m getting to know and wrestling with a soil that’s way different. Although there is a similar origin to the soil. Rivers played their part in forming both soils. The farmhouse clay was sprinkled with small sandstone stones. A positive benefit. My garden soil has pebbles and pieces of flint just enough to hit the spade every time I dig. As the water table rises in the winter both soils create a swamp like environment. As the summer sun sits overhead it makes bakes the soils but with different effects.

Here, the untilled areas compact and take up the characterises of poorly mixed concrete. Impenetrable and hard. Without water the grass dries. Only the deep-rooted plants survive. The lawn looks like an unirrigated Greek field. Where it’s tilled the soil becomes like gritty dust.

In my empirical gardening way, I’m using what I have to hand. I’ve built a series of raised beds. Mixed up a cocktail of native soil, compost, and manure. I’ve created a better growing medium. Even so, with a limited amount of water it’s mostly the deeper rotted plants that are happy.

My sunflowers have been smiling. My potatoes are miserable. Onions seem fine. Tomatoes are indifferent. Only getting started it could be that my pumpkins will be momentous.

This is only my second year working with this new plot. Prior to my digging it was a blank canvas. The whole space was lawn grass designed as one big dog run. One remaining plumb tree was the only trace of a past kitchen garden. For me this is a beginning.

Combatting Climate Change

What do you do with climate change deniers? There’re like the folk who persisted with the flat Earth society. Everyone knows they exist but I’m sure most of us would not give them much time. Being door stepped by the folk from the wacky fringes can be entertaining. No more. What’s cranky is that previously reputable, and I use that term advisedly, UK political parties like the Conservative Party are adopting and promoting the believe framework of the wacky fringes. Now, I’m all for “free speech” as far as it doesn’t harm others, but this is getting strange to say the least. Following the coat tails of those who espouse extreme opinion is a road to political oblivion in the UK. At least that’s been our history.

[Oblivion also being a Science Fiction film that’s enjoyable to watch even if it does focus too much on one character. Reminds us how important water is to life on Earth].

If I put myself in the shoes of the climate change deniers, hard to do I know, then I might say that the extreme heat experienced this week is just the normal long-term variation of our weather or the Sun getting agitated or God’s will. Nothing to see hear. I’d hope to be shot down quickly with those flimsy arguments.

It’s a wise move to stay up to date with the weather forecast at the moment. A summer heat wave doesn’t last forever, we hope, even if it does last long enough to cause immense problems.

Recollections of 1976’s summer get an airing on social media. For those of us who enjoyed that year there’s a tendency to normalise around that fact that we survived the heat 50 years ago. For me that was great fun as a fit and heathy 16-year-old. Having my own roadworthy transport for the first time and being easily able to get to the Dorset coast[1]. The year was one of leaving my schooling, working the summer at home on the farm and the starting an engineering apprenticeship. Going from sweltering hot classrooms and exams, to stacking and packing more haybales than it’s possible to count, to sweating in a machine shop with plate glass windows down one side.

If we’d heeded the warmings, with more drive, five decades ago maybe climate change wouldn’t be such a dangerous condition as it’s developing into. Predictions are not good. The legacy mine and past generations are leaving is an extremely poor one.

This is what shocks me about the “head in the sand” attitude to fossil fuels. The Conservative Party and alike, is insane with its idiotic “drill baby drill” policy. I accept that the transition away from fossil fuels will take time and can be a challenging road to take. Trying to reverse the process is beyond stupid.

Policy needs to focus on making substantial changes to our daily routines. There’s nothing sacred about past working practices. Pity those who work in jacket and tie in unairconditioned offices a rigid 9-to-5 routine. As did I, once in a portacabin on the edge of an airfield.

Climate change is real. The data is in. Being daunted by the calamitous possibilities is also a dead end. Yes, the scientist’s scenarios can be overwhelming. Too much detailed information can be as bad as too little.

We have agency. We can act. Every act makes a difference. Even the small ones matter.

[1] https://www.visit-dorset.com/explore/coast-and-beaches/

Allure of Geodesic Domes

Buildings and structure do leave an impression. That impression can sit at the back of the mind for decades. Certainly, it could be more than 20-years since I visited the Montreal Biosphère. This large open structure was created for the 1967 World Fair in Montreal[1]. It’s kept alive as a science museum.

Buckminster Fuller’s geodesic dome is an icon. This is an impressive structure that is almost timeless in its virtues. Visually distinctive, strong, and applying the minimum of lightweight materials. I say timeless. That said, geodesic domes and similar structures can be pigeonholed in the late sixties and early seventies. There was a period when this was a fashionable view of the future. What we consider “modern” is shifting sand.

When the “oil crisis[2]” hit in the seventies, such domes were seen as an environmentally efficient means of putting up structures quickly and simply. Even the building methods needed didn’t require immense resources or highly trained technicians.

One other image that I have that sticks in the mind is a quite different application of the technology Fuller promoted. Again, the basic idea was copied again because of its utility. In the UK, on the North York Moors, were, at one time, a line of huge “golf balls.” The military radomes at Fylingdale were an impressive sight on the landscape for about 30-years. In fact, a tourist attraction.

So, why did Buckminster Fuller’s geodesic domes fall out of fashion? It could be that we are so addicted to pouring concrete that smart structures took a back seat. Much as the “oil crisis” was forgotten and the incentives to drill for more oil has spanned the last five decades.

It’s true that domes have never gone away. If I wanted to buy a geodesic dome greenhouse[3] or a tent for camping, I’d have no trouble. These easy to build, affordable structures offer stability and durability. However, these elemental structures are viewed as novelties or the obsession of environmentally concerned activists. Which, when I think about it, is entirely silly.

There’s an argument to be made about aesthetic appeal. It’s familiarity that sometimes blinds us. We may not be blind to anything other than conventional vertical walls and rectangular rooms, but there’s a conservatism inherent in architectural fashion.

Afterall, the Greeks and the Romans didn’t build geodesic domes. Yet, I think they would have if they had the strong lightweight materials to do so. Classical practically wouldn’t have been inhibited. Domes and their component parts became a post-war artifact because of advances in materials, as much as anything. The imperative to build military aircraft in large numbers, as strong and fast as could be done drove an innovative use of materials.

In the current 21st century “oil crisis” will we see a new love for geodesic domes? Even new applications. It’s an interesting thought.

[1] https://www.mtl.org/en/experience/expo-67-legacy

[2] https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c78lj4976lvo

[3] https://www.snowdondomes.com/portfolio/shirleys-domes-35m-diameter-polycarbonate-dome

Human Space Travel

It’s right to point out that space exploration is not solely a scientific endeavour. It’s odd to have to point that out. I do so because there are some purists who think that money should only be spent of space exploration if there’s a tangible scientific gain to be had. This thinking goes back to the agreement that public funds should only be spent of Earthy concerns. A glance at the extensive list of trouble that persist around the globe is one reason to focus on Terra firma rather than up at the heavens. That said, the choice is rarely simple.

Then there’s the accusation that exploration, of any kind, is intrinsically imperial. Powerful entities looking for sources of future dominance and wealth. This is not entirely wrong given humanity’s history of plundering resources from wherever they come. Minerals and trade routes being a couple of the primary sources of interest. A strong political will can be amassed to compete to be first to get a foothold on new territory. Despite all the above there’s something more complex going on.

The recent Artemis II space mission may not have been a great boost to humanity’s scientific knowledge. This adventurous lunar fly-by mission was more about proving technology than gathering an abundance of discoveries. Afterall, the far-side of the Moon can quite adequately be surveyed by automated spacecraft. Much as is being done by robotic machines on Mars.

I think there’s little doubt that 1st to 11th April 2026 will be recorded in the history books. If for no other reason that the gap between the Apollo space missions and Artemis. Like so many schoolboys in the 1960s, I watched those black and white TV images of men on the Moon, as they happened. I became an engineer. Would that have happened anyway? Probably, but I’m not discounting the inspirational impact of the Apollo missions.

[What would we ever do without the writings of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Certainly, naming new space missions would be a lot harder.]

Do we need crewed missions in future? Given the advances in automation and autonomy that have taken place in the last 50-years, so much can be achieved without the need for humans on-board a spacecraft. However, this is not a binary argument. There are, and always will be, the need to take human experience to the absolute limits. President Kennedy cited George Mallory for a reason to explores space, “Because it’s there,” he said.

The simple notion that humans should be constrained and confined to Terra firma runs contrary to our intrinsic nature. Although societies do become more risk adverse as they acquire the comforts of economic success, there’s still an appetite for exploration even if it entails great safety risks. The allure of being the first does not diminish.

Ideally, the combination of adventure and discovery go hand in hand. Space exploration is not just indulging the most adventurous amongst us. Thus, I go back to my proposition that there something more complex going on.

The ancient Greeks and Romans could help. For what is humanity’s destiny? Ad Astra has a meaning. Far more than the movie of that name. Not one of my favourite movies either.

There’s an inevitability that humanity will go to the stars. That is, if in the meantime wars or environmental degradation do not consume us. Exploration is part of a natural progression of intelligent life. It maybe (likely to be) happened elsewhere in the universe too.

The False Dichotomy

Like a clock work toy. Wind them up and away they go. It goes something like this. Space exploration is a waste of scarce resources. We’d better spend them fixing problems here on Earth. Compare and contrast as if a viable choice was just to move piles of money from one place to another. This line of argument is favoured by nationalistic green politicians and liberal journalists tasked with filling newspaper column inches. A bunch of academics like to jump on the bandwagon too.

They like to divide the world into billionaire technologists ardently in pursuit of progress at the expense of everyone but themselves and open-toed sandal shoed environmentalists who’ve inherited the legacy of 1970s hippiedom. These two exists, of course, and they have influence, but they are oddities to most people.

So, much of the debates that fill the media are carved out of planks of wood. As if there are only ever two sides to every argument. Two choices to make. Two views open to debaters. As a good liberal, I must reject this dichotomy.

However, to address the subject, I’m corralled into the compare and contrast stock yard.

On the one hand, the environmental challenges before humanity are such that they need ardent attention. The stupidity of “drill baby drill” is mindbogglingly thoughtless. Stupid at a level it’s difficult to comprehend. It’s true that taking short term gains that lead to long term pains is not new. It’s one of humanities troublesome failings. Surely, we can learn from history.

On the other hand, Exploration is human. From the moment primitive bipeds took off across open plains we’ve wanted to know what’s over the horizon. What’s around the corner. Are there opportunities or threats? It’s linked with the fragility of our existence. Space isn’t a boundary that puts a stop to this curiosity. We must see with our own eyes. 

Now, I’ll demolish the false dichotomy. Both above, to degrees, need to be respected. Both can be seen through the lens of human imperatives – safety and security. In fact, to an extent both are linked.

Understanding how to mitigate the negative impact of our technology, we need to develop better ways of doing business. Solar power is an example.

The fate of our planet is better understood by studying other planets, and our own from space. Nature presents itself in a myriad of complex different formula across the universe.

To get away from the either/or mentality there does need to be a marshalling of political will. This is probably the greatest challenge at a global level. I believe we can both confront climate change and progress human exploration. It requires imagination.

Humanity’s Next Frontier Awaits

This April the first was marked by a moment that will go down in the history books. Tens of thousands of people who directed their efforts to building a new generation of spacecraft will see their labours rewarded. People with a vision that looks beyond the horizon have set in train a mission that will demonstrate that we are not confined to this rocky planet. Space – the final frontier. A vast frontier that’s there to be explored. Discoveries await.

By venturing beyond any humans in history, four brave astronauts represent us all. They started their journey in America, but when they look back all they will see is Earth. The dark of space with this lush globe brightly illuminated by our Sun. Ahead is a bright rocky sphere.

Not for one moment should we look upon this Moon-bound space mission as straightforward. There’s one thing that is absolute about the void of space. It’s a hostile environment for humans. Every system that is built into a spacecraft must work as intended. Contingencies need to be planned for every possibility.

This space mission is made possible because of partnerships. Europe[1] , US[2] and Canada working together for a common goal. What is known as the Artemis program aims to make the Moon accessible. To effectively shorten the distance between the Earth and its satellite.

There is a whole world benefit in moving from the Moon as a scientific curiosity to a place where humans can live and work. This is not a binary argument. We must solve our problems on Earth as well as exporting our environment.

Space exploration does help us see our fragile Earth in context. Everything beyond Earth shows no concern for our fate. In fact, it’s imperative that we gain as much knowledge as is possible about the near-Earth environment. A Moon base is a viable place to do just that.

My hope is that this remains a fundamentally civil enterprise. Such that the findings derived from the Moon’s exploration are for all humanity. It’s not a place to continue the conflicts that scare our home planet. I maybe idealistic. However, it’s for humanity to frame the rules that will apply on the Moon’s surface. Rules will be needed.

My hope is that this Moon mission goes smoothly and that everyone is returned safely back to Earth. That a new generation looks up at the Moon and sees it less distant. With the experience gained the next Moon mission should be able to go further.

[1] https://www.esa.int/

[2] https://www.nasa.gov/

Celebrating Spring

Spring has sprung. And that makes me think of my father-in-law. No longer with us, he was an avid birdwatcher. That’s where I think I got this shorty ditty:

Spring has sprung, the grass is ris, I wonder where the birdies is.

The bird is on the wing, But that’s absurd. From what I’ve heard. The wing is on the bird!

That’s definitely the case either recited with a Yankie accent, or not. The grass is bright fresh green and launching itself skyward. That’s my English garden. Time to dig the lawn mower out of the shed. Dust it off and see if it will run.

Bird life is on the move. Winter slumbers have turned to springtime thoughts of finding a mate.  First thing this morning, off in the distance, at the river’s edge, I saw two Egrets[1] plodding around. They seemed to be ignoring each other, but I bet that’s not the case.

Yesterday, was the vernal equinox, the first proper day of springtime. The weather is behaving itself. The ground is still wet underfoot but at least the process of drying out has begun.

Yesterday, in the adjoining field, I saw a colourful male pheasant[2] wandering around as if it was lost. It’s as if he’d lost his sense of direction, bobbing around the marshy riverbank.

This morning, standing on the fence adjoining my house an assertive little dunnock[3] was surveying the garden. He didn’t seem phased by my presence. Alert to everything that was going on. I’m sure he could see more of my garden than me.

Wrens, Robins, Bluetits and Blackbirds are almost too common to mention. They take their time feeding when the Jackdaws are off doing something else. When the Jackdaws[4] come down in mass it’s like a crowd of football supporters. Almost as noisy. They take over and the smaller birds flee. Watching the Jackdaws interact with each other it’s clear they have a complex social order. The older birds, I assume, are larger and have a head with a more defined band. They push their seniority on every occasion. The younger birds, hopping and jumping as if queuing for permission to take the bast places.

Dare I mention the pigeons. My least favourite common bird. Bit like fat flying rats. They do their thing almost oblivious to any other wildlife. No risk of their numbers declining.

I prefer the Canadian Geese over scruffy pigeons. They too are at not of likelihood of any population risk. I’ve seen as many as twenty grazing in the field. They compete with the Jackdaws to be the noisiest birds.

I must admit, on the positive side, they are incredibly able flyers. To get a sizable round body up in the air with grace and style is impressive. Picture prefect formation flying too.

Spring has sprung. A great time to be out and about.

[1] https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/little-egret

[2] https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/pheasant

[3] https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/dunnock

[4] https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/jackdaw

Transport of Flight Delights

Air Taxies are becoming a reality. It’s not Science Fiction anymore.

The history of the “hackney carriage” is along and illustrious one. They remain firmly attached to the road. They do move with the times. From horses to combustion engines to electrified cabs[1], I wonder if London back cabs will adopt Hydrogen fuel next?

Providing safe and reliable public transport for about 8-passengers, in reasonable comfort, with a limited amount of luggage, they are a vital part of the city landscape. Ferrying people from place to place and even going south of the river (a popular saying from the people who live north of the River Thames).

In New York, “Yellow schools of taxi fishes” in a song by Joni Mitchell. Schools or sholes of taxies swimming in a sea of traffic. Frantic and colourful as they are shown in a lot of 1970s movies. A chaotic scene where the protagonist runs out into the middle of dense, barely moving traffic.

What happens when these modern convinces take to the air? If they were still with us, I’m sure Flanders and Swann[2] would have written a song about this new marvel. The distain of London buses towards black cabs is there in the lyrics. So, as air taxies take-off, as it were, will the cab drivers of the city protest or join the ranks of new flyers?

Please don’t answer that question. I’ve in mind more serious issues. The whole history of aviation safety data analysis shows us an immutable fact. Take-offs and landings are riskier than flying in at altitude. It really matters not if flying horizontally or vertically.

How does this come to be? A simple answer would be to say that the results of aviation accidents eventually end-up on the ground. Gravity does its work. Put that aside for a moment. Take-offs are optional but landings are mandatory. That’s a traditional saying that amuses non-flyers but is all too real to pilots and alike.

The act of taking a flying machine from the freedom of movement in 4-dimensions to a preselected stationary point on the ground. Those policies and plans that are published refer to Vertiports being established much as Heliports have been in the past. Some may double up. The theory is good. A pre-defined clear space that can accommodate a typical eVTOL aircraft used as an Air Taxi, with all the necessary operational and safety provisions. Surrounding areas protected from the down wash of the Air Taxi. Care to remove any foreign objects from the vertiport surface. A mini terminal to add to the cityscape.

One of the biggest variables in this brave new world of public transport is as old as the hills. It’s the local weather. Dubai can roast an aircraft with clear skies and 50C while Aberdeen can soak them in rain and impenetrable mist. Dust and wind can blow through Marseilles while deep snow and ice covers Montreal. Whilst in Lahore the air itself can be hazardous.

Terrestrial vehicles do cope. Often this means that there are different rules and regulation that take account of the local conditions and priorities. The impatience that some advocates have for a rapidly formulated globally set of harmonised rules and regulations might be misplaced. In fact, it may even impede the introduction to service of Air Taxi services.

Since I’m discussing the busy urban environment, I can presume that any accidents and incidents will be the focus of a great deal of public attention. Ultimate safety is a nice aspiration, but then reality takes hold. There will be occurrences. When they happen, city councillors are going to have their say.

Post 1: Air taxis are an exciting development in air mobility, but to get off the ground. SESAR Joint Undertaking | EUREKA- European Key solutions for vertiports and UAM

Post 2: Infrastructure Developer Highlights Timeline Convergence as eVTOL Certification and Vertiport Development Both Require Nine Months, Creating Binary Decision Point for Property Owners | citybiz

POST 3: The Air Taxi topic has become newsworthy this last week. US lawmakers push FAA certification reforms for eVTOLs:

https://aviationweek.com/aerospace/advanced-air-mobility/lawmakers-push-faa-certification-reforms-evtols

https://www.flyingmag.com/congress-faa-electric-air-taxi-certification/

Click to access Aviation-Innovation-and-Global-Competitiveness-Act-Final-Bill-Text.pdf

[1] https://www.levc.com/

[2] https://youtu.be/7yHrpPRYgYM

FLANDERS & SWANN – ‘A Transport of Delight’ – 1957.

The Future of Driving

What next? There’s a growing number of Electric Vehicles (EV) on the market. In fact, the diversity of choice doesn’t make choice easy. Such a variety of different sizes and configurations. Cars big and small. Hybrids too. Every new generation offering more range and more bells and whistles (technology).

My car is getting near to its 11th birthday. It runs exceptionally well. Trouble is age, ware and tear, can’t be escaped. Bills start to ramp up as millage takes its toll even if it hasn’t done – yet. German engineering isn’t always what its cracked up to be except my car does fit the stereotype. Temptation is to buy another one.

My first trip to the US was back in the early 1980s. Four of us drove up and down the west coast. Seeing spectacular sights and meeting amazingly friendly people. American cars of that time were of the Cagney & Lacey generation. Meaty metal boxes that handled like a crate of jelly. Gas guzzling but, who cares, gas was cheep in comparison with European prices.

Wide empty roads, outside the cities, where the landscape filled every vista with new wonders. City driving wasn’t so pleasant. Freeways where the occasional Blues Brothers like police car buzzed past at speed. Air quality dropped a million percent (exaggeration). Jams in more lanes than we’d ever imagined possible.

So, are Electric Vehicles (EV) the spawn of the devil? I take the point that not everything is as rosy as the marketing departments of the manufacturers would have us believe. Some prestige models are bulky and heavy. These are not well suited to the narrow pothole heaven of England’s poorly maintained roads.

That said, the change is upon us, and it would seem foolish to go backwards. Once over the initial purchase price, which does seem to be coming down, EVs don’t cost much to run. There’s a simplicity of electric motors which a high-performance reciprocating engine can’t match. Not only that but high-performance reciprocating engines have probably reached the limits of what can be squeezed out of them. Decades of development in reducing tail pipe emissions.

It’s clear Electric Vehicles (EV) have a long way to run. Battery technology will continue to improve. That’s one to bet the house on. It’s because there are so many applications for high power density batteries. If you are aiming at a Nobel Prize in Chemistry, that’s the way to go.

Driving a car with no tail pipe emissions does have a holier than thou feel about it. If we want cities to be healthy places to live, then something must be done. I wouldn’t want to live near the world-famous Hanger Lane Gyratory[1]. Or anything like it. In England we built massive road systems on top of streets designed for the horse and carriage.

Looking at new cars, like the Mercedes-Benz CLA[2], I must admit I’m tempted. Putting that up against the lumbering thundering rust buckets of the 1980s and there’s no comparison whatsoever. Whether it’s sheer performance or climate change that motivate a purchase decision, the days of conventional petrol and diesel cars are numbered.

[1] https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/networks/site-info?uka_id=EA6&provider=london

[2] https://www.mercedes-benz.co.uk/passengercars/models/saloon/cla-electric/overview.html